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understand how to use existing bioinformatic tools to design molecular tools for CRISPR/Cas9 reverse genetics experiments.

How do the results of molecular genetic studies in model organisms help us understand aspects of human genetics and genetic diseases?Д«y the end of this lesson, students will.How do different types of mutations affect genes and the corresponding mRNAs and proteins?.How do the methods and tools of cell biology enable and limit our understanding of the cell?.What higher-level computational skills can be used in bioinformatics research?.

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How do biologists employ software development as part of the scientific discovery process?.

How can bioinformatics tools be employed to analyze genetic information?.

Where are data about the genome found (e.g., nucleotide sequence, epigenomics) and how are they stored and accessed?.

What is the role of computation in hypothesis-driven discovery processes within the life sciences?.

A CRISPR/Cas guide RNA design i n silico activity. Primary image:В Schematic overview of the CRISPR/Cas gRNA design in silico lab activity. This interdisciplinary lesson is developed for a special topics CRISPR course and is suitable for students in biochemistry/molecular biology bioinformatics cell, plant, animal and developmental biology microbiology, and especially genetics. Students report their design and justify their selection in an experiment summary lab report. The activity guides students through the process of navigating multiple bioinformatics tools, including a genome browser, DNA sequence annotation software, and a browser-based gRNA prediction tool, to complete a guided note sheet and select a suitable gRNA for their chosen scenario. Students complete a pre-lab quiz then select one of three authentic research scenarios for their lab. In this in silico lab activity, students synthesize and apply their knowledge of gene expression and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-targeting to design an optimized CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA. Resulting repair can yield genome variants: cells repair the damage erroneously to cause indels, and edits can be introduced by leveraging homology-directed repair. If there is a perfect match, Cas9 cleaves the DNA. The complex scans double-stranded DNA for a NGG Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) and interrogates complementarity of the adjacent DNA with the 20-nt spacer of the gRNA. To achieve gene targeting, Cas9 forms a complex with a guideRNA (gRNA). CRISPR is an important interdisciplinary tool and a modern topic to include in the undergraduate biology curriculum. Though properly a collection of technologies, today 'CRISPR' is synonymous with CRISPR/Cas9 genome targeting. CRISPR biotechnologies inspired by the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat RNA-guided nuclease adaptive bacterial immune system have revolutionized biology research and become ubiquitous tools for hypothesis and discovery-driven research.